<p>The Republican Schoolhouse, also known as Little White Schoolhouse or Birthplace of the Republican Party, is a historic former one-room schoolhouse now located at 1074 West Fond Du Lac Street in Ripon, Wisconsin. Built in 1853, it was designated a National Historic Landmark for its role in the 1854 founding of the Republican Party. It is now a local history museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The structure was built in its original location in 1853 as a school. It was championed as part of a wider education initiative by a New York transplant, Alvan Bovay. Bovay used his position in founding the school to further involve himself in politics, becoming a founder of the Republican Party, which formed during a meeting at the schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>The building is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It has modest Greek Revival styling, with a single entrance framed by pilasters and an entablature with cornice. There are sash windows on either side of the entrance.</p><br>
<h3>Politics</h3><br>
<p>In 1854, opposition grew to the proposed Kansas–Nebraska Bill which threatened to allow slavery to expand into territories north of the Missouri Compromise line. The bill was championed by the dominant Democratic Party, and the opposition was split among several smaller parties, including the Whig Party, the Free Soil Party, and some internal Democratic Party splintering. In Ripon, Bovay, who had gotten the schoolhouse built, led the opposition, and canvassed support among opposition members of all the local parties. He called a meeting on March 20. The Whig and Free Soil parties dissolved themselves in favor of forming a new, united party to be called "Republican," with some Democrats also defecting from their local party branch to join the new party. With publicity from the New York Tribune, word of the party spread, other local chapters and state-level parties started forming by July or earlier, and a national party was formed by 1856.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The town quickly outgrew the small building, and built a larger brick building to replace it. The old building was sold to Wisconsin governor George Peck, for use as a home. By the early 20th century, it had fallen into disuse, and was in danger of being demolished. Due to its historical significance, effort was put into saving the building.</p><br>
<p>Local civic and historical organizations, considering its local and national historical significance, raised funds to save it. The building was refurbished, and moved to the campus of Ripon College. Later, it was moved twice more to other locations on campus.</p><br>
<p>Its fourth move, in 1951, was to its previous location, where it would stay for the next 72 years.</p><br>
<p>Twenty-two years later, it was recognized it as a historic site by the United States National Park Service, which declared it a National Historic Landmark in 1974. From 2005 to 2007, the house underwent a renovation.</p><br>
<p>The Ripon Chamber of Commerce, owner of the building, had the building moved a fifth time, on April 17, 2023, to make room for a Boys and Girls club. The move caused the Little White Schoolhouse&#39;s status on the National Register of Historic Places to be endangered. As of April 21, 2023, the status was under review. A relisting of the property at its new location was approved in 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Conde–Charlotte House, also known as the Kirkbride House, is a historic house museum in Mobile, Alabama. The earliest section of the building, the rear kitchen wing, was built in 1822. The main section of the house was added a few decades later and is two and a half floors. The entire structure is constructed of handmade brick with a smooth stucco plaster over the exterior.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house had its beginnings in 1822 as Mobile&#39;s first courthouse and city jail, and was built between the southern bastions of Fort Condé. The residence would remain in the Kirkbride family until 1905, when it was purchased by B. J. Bishop. The site was purchased by the Historic Mobile Preservation Society in 1940 and a partial restoration was undertaken. It was during this time that the outlines of four of the old jail cells were discovered in the kitchen wing. The restoration would later be completed by The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally built in the Federal style and was later altered to reflect the Greek Revival style. It has a two-story portico on the front elevation featuring brick Doric columns on the lower level and wooden Corinthian columns on the upper level.</p><br>
<p>The house is 45 ft wide at the front southern elevation, 72 ft long at the eastern elevation, and 90 ft long at the western elevation, including the carriage house. The ground floor is 10 ft high from floor to ceiling and the upper story is 9 ft high. The overall structure is brick with stucco, with the front upper portico, rear galleries, and trim in wood.</p><br>
<h2>Historical Neighborhood Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Conde–Charlotte house and its surroundings became isolated from the rest of the city with the construction of Interstate 10 and urban renewal. Most of the surrounding neighborhood, one of the oldest in Mobile, was demolished to make way for the interstate project. The most notable section of the neighborhood that was destroyed was the early multi-storied townhouses of Bloodgood&#39;s Row along Monroe Street. The new construction left only a small one block section of Theatre, Monroe, and Saint Emanuel streets intact afterward, surrounded by a circle of interstate and its associated entrance and exit ramps. With the foundations of Fort Condé being discovered during tunnel construction, a replica fort was rebuilt on the old site after the George Wallace Tunnel was finished. The fort is now a backdrop to the Conde–Charlotte house. In recent years the city has sponsored private redevelopment projects to restore this area into "Fort Condé Village", which has seen the relocation and restoration of period appropriate buildings and the addition of brick streets and gas street lamps.</p><br>
<p>Monmouth Park School was a public elementary school located at 4508 North 33rd Street in North Omaha, Nebraska, United States.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed in the Second Renaissance Revival style by Thomas Rogers Kimball, regarded by many as Nebraska&#39;s finest architect. It was constructed in 1903.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, it was closed by the Omaha School District, which proposed to raze it. However, the private NJD Partnership bought the building and, with support from city and federal grants, renovated it in 1983 as a 30-unit apartment building under the name of Monmouth Park Place. In 1983, the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, the building&#39;s roof was seriously damaged by a windstorm. As tenants departed, the building fell into the hands of transients and vandals. It was condemned by the city in December 1993.</p><br>
<p>The demolition of the building was delayed in February 1995, when the Omaha City Council voted to grant NJD additional time to seek new investors for another renovation. However, the effort failed. An assistant city planning director pronounced the building "not only a health hazard, but also a safety hazard in the neighborhood". It was razed in May 1995. It was delisted from the National Register in 2018.</p><br>
<p>The Farmers and Merchants Union Bank is a historic commercial building at 159 West James Street in Columbus, Wisconsin. Built in 1919, it is the last of eight "jewel box" bank buildings designed by Louis Sullivan, and the next to last to be constructed. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Farmers and Merchants Union Bank is located in downtown Columbus, at the southern corner of West James Street and South Dickason Boulevard. It is a tall single-story in height, its exterior finished in tapestry brick with marble and terra cotta trim. The main facade is two bays wide, with the building entrance in the right bay. Above these bays is an elaborately carved tall marble lintel, above which a half-round stained glass window is framed by a stone garland. The side of the building, facing South Dickason, has a band of five windows. The interior is small yet spacious, with a bank of teller stations on the left side.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Sullivan in 1919, and its construction was personally supervised by him. It was the last of his so-called "jewel box" designs of small bank buildings in smaller midwestern communities, and the second-to-last to be completed. It is one of two Sullivan designs in Wisconsin; the other, the Harold C. Bradley House, is also a National Historic Landmark. The design of this bank is fully documented in Sullivan&#39;s 1924 A System of Architectural Ornament, published not long before his death.</p><br>
<h2>Other Louis Sullivan "jewel boxes"</h2><br>
<p>Henry Adams Building, Algona, Iowa (1913)</p><br>
<p>Home Building Association Company, Newark, Ohio (1914)</p><br>
<p>Merchants&#39; National Bank, Grinnell, Iowa (1914)</p><br>
<p>National Farmer&#39;s Bank, Owatonna, Minnesota (1908)</p><br>
<p>People&#39;s Federal Savings and Loan Association, Sidney, Ohio (1918)</p><br>
<p>Peoples Savings Bank, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1912)</p><br>
<p>Purdue State Bank, West Lafayette, Indiana (1914)</p><br>
<p>The Captain Austin Jenks House is a historic house in Stillwater, Minnesota, United States, built in 1871. Austin Jenks  was a prominent businessman and river pilot involved in timber rafting on the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of architecture, industry, and transportation. It was nominated for its association with Jenks and the importance of water transportation to the region&#39;s foundational lumber industry.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jenks House is a one-and-a-half-story brick structure with a two-and-a-half-story tower. Its distinctive appearance derives from a combination of three architectural styles. The bracketed square entry bay and cruciform roofline are elements of Italianate architecture while the platform porches, oval stained glass window, and mansard roof on the tower come from Second Empire architecture. The steep gables, finials, stone window sills and lintels, and detail on the eaves all signal Gothic Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Austin Jenks is believed to have been born and raised in the Town of Schroon, Essex County, New York, and initially worked as a schoolteacher. He migrated west to Illinois and then came to Stillwater in 1855, where he found employment as a river pilot helping transport the bounty of lumber downstream. In 1871 he became a ship owner, having commissioned and put into service the Brother Jonathan, only the second steamboat engaged in timber rafting on the Upper Mississippi River. Three years later he joined the lumber firm of Durant, Wheeler, and Company.</p><br>
<p>Jenks later became a financier, serving as the director of Stillwater&#39;s two leading banks, the Stillwater Dock Company, and the Stillwater Electric Light Company. He also served as president of the Stillwater Board of Education and on various other managing boards. He married three times, his first two wives having died early. With Harriet Bennett, his third wife and reportedly the sister of his first, he had two daughters, Genora and Grace. Jenks died in March 1902 at the age of 68.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the family for another two decades, but Genora and her husband Robert Skeith emigrated to Canada in 1916 while Harriet and Grace relocated to Seattle in 1920. The house passed through a succession of owners, and from the 1950s to the 1970s was subdivided into separate apartments. A later owner has since restored it to a single-family home.</p><br>
<p>The N. C. Wyeth House and Studio is a historic house museum and artist&#39;s studio on Murphy Road in Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania, United States. Beginning with its construction in 1911, it served as the principal home and studio of artist N.C. Wyeth . It was restored to its original appearance around the time of his death. The property is managed by the Brandywine River Museum, which offers tours. It was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wyeth House and Studio are located in a rural-residential area southeast of the village center of Chadds Ford, on the south side of Murphy Road. Set on about 18 acre of land are the main house, art studio, barn, and pump house. The property is bounded on the north by Murphy Road and the south by Brandywine Creek. The house is set on a ridge that is part of the Brandywine Battlefield area, having been occupied by Continental Army troops during the 1777 Battle of Brandywine. The house is a two-story Colonial Revival structure, designed for Wyeth by William Draper Brinkle and built in 1911. It was enlarged in 1926 to provide additional space for Wyeth&#39;s growing family. The studio is a large L-shaped single-story structure, built in stages in 1911, 1923, and 1931. The main studio space is distinguished by a large north-facing Palladian window.</p><br>
<p>N.C. Wyeth was renowned as one of the leading illustrators of the first half of the 20th century, his works appearing in Harpers, Scribners, McClures, and the Saturday Evening Post. Wyeth drew much inspiration from the landscape around this property, which influenced many of his rural landscape works. He purchased this property with funds made from his first major commission, a series of illustrations for an edition of Robert Louis Stevensons Treasure Island.</p><br>
<p>After Wyeth died in 1945, his wife lived in the house until 1973, after which their daughter, Carolyn Wyeth, lived there and painted in the studio until her death in 1994. The Brandywine River Museum then took possession of the property and began restoration. It has been restored to its state as of 1945, and includes paintings left unfinished by Wyeth at the time of his death, and family artifacts that never left the property.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, N.C. Wyeth&#39;s studio was opened to the public for the first time since his death. The museum now offers guided tours of the property. Accessibility was further increased in 2017 with the opening of new walking trails between Potts Meadow, the Andrew Wyeth Studio, and the N.C. Wyeth House and Studio.</p><br>
<p>Fountain Lake Farm, also known as the Wisconsin Farm Home of John Muir, is a historic farm and National Historic Landmark in rural Montello, Wisconsin, United States. The landmark covers part of the farm that was the home of pioneering conservationist John Muir from 1849 to 1856 and 1860 to 1862. Covering 80 acre, the landmarked area is partly private property and partly in John Muir Memorial County Park, a minimally developed public park.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>John Muir came to the United States in 1849 as an eleven-year-old immigrant with his father, who established a farm in Marquette County, Wisconsin. The 160 acre farm property later expanded to 320 acre in what was essentially undeveloped wilderness, which would play a significant role in developing the young Muirs appreciation of nature and the development of his conservation ethic. Muir explored Fountain Lake, partially on the farm property and the farms namesake, and the ecosystems that surrounded it. The family farmstead was located on a knoll in the northeastern portion of the acreage 80 acre that makes up the landmark designation.</p><br>
<p>The landmarked area is a rectangle consisting of those southern 80 acres of the Muir property. It is bounded on the north by Gillette Drive, and includes of a parcel of private land at its northeast corner, as well as the northeastern part of the countys John Muir Memorial Park. The private land, about 18 acre, includes the area that was the site of the Muirs farmhouse. The southern and western portions of the landmarked area are accessible via a trail that encircles the lake and via a parking area on County Road F. There are no standing structures in the landmarked area that date to the Muir&#39;s ownership, although some trees survive from the Muir period.</p><br>
<p>The Bragg–Mitchell Mansion, also known as the Bragg–Mitchell House, is a historic house museum in Mobile, Alabama. It was built in 1855 by Judge John Bragg and is one of the most photographed buildings in the city as well as one of the more popular tourist attractions. The house has been attributed to John&#39;s brother, a local Alabama architect, Alexander J. Bragg.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Bragg was born near Warrenton, North Carolina. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1824, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1830 and moved to Mobile in 1836, where he continued the practice of law. He was appointed judge to Alabama&#39;s 10th Judicial Circuit in 1842, later leaving that post after being elected to the 32nd United States Congress. He bought the property at 1906 Springhill Avenue on 10 May 1855 for the sum of $7500 and began construction of the house that continues to stand there today.</p><br>
<p>Two notable events in the history of the mansion occurred during the American Civil War. The first was the cutting of all of the live oak trees on the property to give the Confederate defenders of Mobile free range to shell any approaching Union troops. The second event was the removal of all of the furnishings from the mansion during the war to Braggs plantation in Lowndes County. That plantation and all of the furnishings were subsequently burned when Wilsons Raiders went through that area, the irony being that Mobile itself never became a battleground as had been anticipated. John Bragg died in Mobile on 10 August 1878 and was interred in Magnolia Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Bragg family until 1880 when it was bought by William H. Pratt. Johns brother, Confederate General Braxton Bragg, is often credited with owning the property after John Braggs death, but this is not the case. He was a frequent guest at the house during John Bragg&#39;s lifetime and he did live on the property for a short time after the Civil War, while supervising the construction of jetties at the mouth of Mobile Bay, however.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is two-stories and built on a T-shaped plan. The architecture is in the Greek Revival style with tall, spindly columns that are derivative of the Doric order around a three-sided veranda. The bracketed cornice indicates some Italianate influence, a fusion of stylistic elements that some have dubbed a "bracketed Greek Revival". It contains fourteen rooms, with seven of those being bedrooms. The ground floor features 15 ft ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The Hamlin Garland House is a historic house at 357 West Garland Street in West Salem, Wisconsin, USA. It was from 1893 to the 1910s the principal residence of writer Hamlin Garland . Garland was a prominent and well-regarded writer of regional fiction. Designated a National Historic Landmark, it is now a museum managed by the local historical society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hamlin Garland was born in West Salem in a log cabin in September 1860 on a farm his father bought a year earlier. When he was older, he moved away from Wisconsin and lived elsewhere, particularly in Massachusetts, Iowa, and Illinois. Even so, Garland fondly remembered the place of his birth. As he later recalled: "My Wisconsin birthplace has always been a source of deep satisfaction to me. That a lovely valley should form the first picture in my childhood memories is a priceless endowment... It will always remain a charming and mysterious place to me."</p><br>
<p>Garland returned to West Salem in 1893 and, using royalties from his successful collection of short stories Main-Travelled Roads (1891), he purchased this home. The house, which stood on four acres, had been built in the same year of Garland&#39;s birth by a mason and carpenter named William Hull. Hull sold the home to Rublee Hayes five years later and, by the time Garland bought it from Hayes, the property also included a two-story barn, cow pasture, pig-pen, and gardens of both fruits and flowers. The home was in poor condition and Garland spent much of October 1893 repairing and renovating; he eventually installed indoor plumbing, making it the first home in the area with that innovation. He originally named it Mapleshade because of the three large maples on the property.</p><br>
<p>Garland brought his parents with him to the home; his mother was impressed with the area right away but his father did not immediately approve. Even so, Garland noted: "This is my choice. Right here we take root. This shall be the Garland Homestead." The house was damaged by fire in 1912 but was quickly repaired. It was an October morning and Garland was awakened by the screams of his wife, Zulime. After attempting to stop the flames with a garden hose, he ran into his study and saved his manuscripts by throwing them from the second-floor window of his study to a neighbor below.</p><br>
<p>The Garlands lived in this house less frequently after about 1916, when they also had a residence in New York City, and sold it in 1939.</p><br>
<p>Garland died at age 79, at his home in Hollywood, California, on March 4, 1940. He had asked his ashes to be spread on the hillsides of his West Salem home. Instead, local officials asked to have him buried in the town&#39;s Nehonoc Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Modern history</h2><br>
<p>The home was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. The street it is on was renamed in honor of the author. Today, the property is managed by the West Salem Historical Society and is open to the public as a museum. In 1960, a historical marker was placed in town in honor of Garland noting his interest in the region.</p><br>
<p>There are some reports that the home is haunted, possibly by Garland himself due to his unhappiness that his wishes for burial were not followed.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Nazarene is a historic church located at 305 East 4th Street in Casa Grande, Arizona, in the United States. Built in 1949, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, on November 20, 2002, as the Church of the Nazarene. It was listed for its architecture. The church shows Spanish revival and Romanesque architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>It was included in the Casa Grande, Arizona Multiple Property Submission study.</p><br>
<p>The Bost Building, also known as Columbia Hotel, is located on East Eighth Avenue  in Homestead, Pennsylvania, United States. Built just before the 1892 Homestead Strike, it was used as headquarters by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and for reporters covering the confrontation. It is the only significant building associated with the strike that remains intact. It is a contributing property to the Homestead Historic District. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1999.</p><br>
<p>After some use as a rooming house and hotel, today it serves as the headquarters and visitor center for the Rivers of Steel National Heritage Area.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum features displays the area&#39;s industrial, social and cultural history. Exhibits include two restored rooms reflecting the 1892 Homestead Strike by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers during the Homestead Lockout and Strike, and a room dedicated to the Homestead Steel Works.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can pick up information about other sites of the area as well as driving tours of the area&#39;s communities that reflect the industries of steel, coal, aluminum and glass.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is 40 by, located at the corner of East Eighth and Heisel Avenue. It is three stories high, faced in brick laid in common bond, resting on a stone foundation and topped with a flat asphalt roof.</p><br>
<p>Bands of stone run along the slightly skewed south (front) facade at the tops of all six windows on the upper stories, forming lintels to complement the similar sills. The roofline is marked with stepped brick corbels on the south and east. At the ground level on the east is a glass and aluminum storefront.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the first floor serves as a museum, with original floorboards and period wallpaper. One room has exhibits devoted to the history of the strike, the other to the building&#39;s restoration. The second and third stories consist of guest rooms that have been left largely intact since the strike. At the second floor stair landing, and the top of the stair, there is a section where the paint has peeled off and exposed graffiti on the underlying plaster. Pencilled in are the words "Homestead 1892" and some names. It is possible that it was left during the strike.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Intended as a hotel for new hires or prospective hires at the growing Homestead Steel Works, which at the time were just next door, it had not entirely been finished inside when the company locked out its workers, precipitating the eventual strike. The union found it an ideal headquarters, since its upper floors had a commanding view of the factory next door. Reporters from American and British newspapers who covered the strike wired home their dispatches from a telegraph office on the first story. Deputy sheriffs and Pinkerton men taken captive during some of the violent confrontations were held at the Bost Building to protect them from retribution.</p><br>
<p>After the strike, the building did become a hotel and rooming house, although it was never successful in the long term. The only significant change to it was the alteration of the storefront during the 20th century, and some changes to the upper floors during its late 20th-century renovation to comply with contemporary fire codes.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas A. Greene Memorial Museum, also known as Greene Geological Museum or Greene Museum, is a mineral and fossil museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, administered by the Department of Geosciences at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.</p><br>
<h2>Original building</h2><br>
<p>The original fireproof museum building, designed by noted Milwaukee architect, Alexander Eschweiler, held the collection of Thomas A. Greene, Milwaukee druggist and amateur geologist, plant collector, and fossil collector. In 1913, Greene&#39;s heirs, Mrs. H.A.J. Upham and Mr. Howard Greene, had the facility built to house his collection, The collection has been removed from the building, and is now displayed and housed in Lapham Hall on the UWM campus.</p><br>
<p>The building has been renovated and is currently used as academic space for UWM&#39;s Sam and Helen Stahl Center for Jewish Studies.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>Greene amassed most of the fossils in his collection, totaling about 75,000 specimens, during the 1880s and 1890s. The majority of these specimens come from the Silurian Racine Dolomite Formation and the Devonian Milwaukee Formation in the vicinity of southeastern Wisconsin. Preserved mostly as internal molds in dolomite, these fossils include a wide range of Silurian marine invertebrate groups including trilobites, crinoids, tabulate and rugose corals, brachiopods, cephalopods, and gastropods. Devonian fossils consist mainly of fish and plant remains. All of these fossils were collected from quarry outcrops that no longer exist, making the collection irreplaceable.</p><br>
<p>The mineral collection contains a wide range of minerals and ores from localities throughout North America, as well as some from overseas. It includes exquisite examples of amethyst, apatite, stibnite, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, mercury compounds, aluminum compounds, malachite, lapis-lazuli, tourmaline, garnet, labradorite, fluorite, beryl, and turquoise, among others. Perhaps the highlight of the mineral collection is a piece of iron meteorite that landed in nearby Washington County, Wisconsin. It was given to Greene by the scientist Increase A. Lapham, the namesake of Lapham Hall.</p><br>
<p>Greene collaborated with another amateur, Dr. Fisk Holbrook Day, whose home in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, the Dr. Fisk Holbrook Day House, has also been designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Silver Mound is a sandstone hill in Wisconsin where American Indians quarried quartzite for stone tools. Tools made from Silver Mound&#39;s quartzite have been found as far away as Kentucky. The oldest have been dated to around 11,000 years ago, so they provide clues about the first people in Wisconsin. Silver Mound Archeological District was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Silver Mound is in the town of Hixton, Jackson County, Wisconsin. Its sandstone was laid down long ago in the Cambrian Period, like many other bluffs in the area. But in this sandstone a layer of very hard stone called silicated quartzite or orthoquartzite formed. Stone like this is fairly uncommon. With simple tools it can be broken into pieces and shaped into points through a process called knapping. And this quartzite from Silver Mound can be distinguished by technical analyses from similar orthoquartzite from other locations.</p><br>
<h2>Human use</h2><br>
<p>The earliest known humans at Silver Mound were Paleo-Indians, who entered the area about 9550 BC. This is not long after the last glacier began retreating a short distance to the north, when the climate remained cool and mammoths and mastodons still roamed the area. To hunt them, the Paleo-Indians needed good projectile points. They also needed knives and scrapers for processing their kill. These tools could be made from the quartzite from Silver Mound, which was the largest source of orthoquartzite in the Midwest. Tools made from Hixton orthoquartzite and datable to this period have been found as far away as Mammoth Cave in Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Later Indians continued to quarry the quartzite at Silver Mound. By 8,000 BC the mammoths and mastodons were extinct, but Archaic Indians needed points to hunt large, now-extinct bison, elk and deer, and some quarried orthoquartzite at Silver Mound. Later Woodland and Oneota peoples also used stone from Silver Mound.</p><br>
<p>In total there are about one thousand quarry pits on the mound. From the fragments left, some areas have been identified as workshops where the larger pieces of quartzite were broken up into smaller pieces suitable for working. In other workshops the smaller pieces were finished. Six rock shelters have also been found on the bluff. Two contain rock art.</p><br>
<p>Euro-Americans have been aware of the Indian quarries on the mound since the 1840s. It was named Silver Mound because they mistakenly believed it contained silver. Some mining was done, but no silver was found. The land around the base of the mound has been farmed for years, but much of the mound itself remains largely undisturbed. Professional archeologists first visited the mound in 1928. Gradually the remarkable age of some of the Indian quarries emerged. In 1975 Silver Mound was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2006 it was named a National Historic Landmark, largely because of the potential information it may still hold about the earliest people in Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>Robert M. La Follette House is a historic house located at 733 Lakewood Boulevard in Maple Bluff, Wisconsin, United States. The house was the home of Robert M. La Follette, Wisconsin governor and USA Congressman and presidential candidate, from 1905 until his death in 1925. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the time La Follette purchased the house in 1905, he was already an accomplished Wisconsin politician. La Follette first gained a national political office in 1885, when he entered the USA House of Representatives as a member of the Republican Party; he remained a representative until 1890, when he lost a reelection bid due in part to ideological differences with party leadership. After leaving office, La Follette began a Progressive campaign against several of Wisconsins large and politically influential corporations; his ideas won him enough popular support to secure him Wisconsins governorship in 1900. While his Progressive plans were initially rejected by an unsympathetic state legislature, several of his policies became law by the middle of the decade, particularly tax reform policies such as a statewide income tax.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, the same year that he purchased his house in Maple Bluff, La Follette was elected to the USA Senate. La Follette remained a senator until his death; he became known for progressive stances such as the introduction of national regulatory commissions, support for organized labor, and opposition to World War I. La Follette also considered presidential office during his term as a senator; he was proposed as a Republican candidate in 1908, and he mounted an independent campaign in the 1924 election which carried Wisconsin and earned him one-sixth of the national vote. La Follette died in 1925 of chronic illness; his wife Belle Case and sons Philip and Robert Jr. remained influential in Wisconsin politics.</p><br>
<p>La Follettes life and political career was significantly associated with his homes in and near Madison, the state capital; before moving to his Maple Bluff house, he lived in a house on Broom Street in Madison. His house in Maple Bluff was originally situated on a 60 acre plot, which had shrunk to 3 or by the time of its National Historic Landmark nomination. The two-story brick house is composed of two sections and features Victorian elements and a projecting bay with a mansard roof. After La Follettes death, the property remained in his family for several generations.</p><br>
<p>The Namur Historic District, also known as the Namur Belgian-American District, is a historic district in southwestern Door County, Wisconsin. The district includes the community of Namur and a rural landscape extending 3 mi to its north. It contains one of the nation&#39;s highest concentrations of immigrant Belgian and Belgian-American culture, land use, and architecture. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>In the 1850s, in response to a drive by the state of Wisconsin to increase settlement of its rural areas, immigrants from Belgium began to arrive in the state. Originating in the provinces of Namur and Brabant, they settled on the eastern shore areas of Brown, Kewaunee, and Door counties. They used indigenous materials in combination with traditional building practices imported from their homeland to construct an architecturally distinct landscape. Houses were typically built out of either red brick or limestone, with frame outbuildings. In the 1860 and 1870 censuses Wisconsin had a higher percentage of Belgian-origin residents than any other state. The area around the village of Namur was judged in a wide-ranging survey of Belgian-settled areas to best represent this influx.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is basically rectangular in shape, with the village of Namur just north of its southern boundary. To the west and north, it is bordered by Green Bay and County Road "K", and to the east it is bordered by the properties on Thruway Road. Covering about 3,500 acre, the district includes over 180 historically significant buildings, most of them farm-related buildings. There are 41 separate farmsteads, each averaging more than five buildings. Properties were typically developed between 1880 and 1930. Non-residential properties include the St. Mary&#39;s Catholic Church and parsonage house in Namur, and the Harold Euclide General Store, built in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Schoonmaker Reef, also known as Wauwatosa Reef, Schoonmaker Quarry, Raphu Station or Francey Reef is a 425 million year-old fossilized reef in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. It was discovered in 1844 by Increase A. Lapham and Fisk Day on the site of a quarry owned by the Schoonmaker family. Geologist James Hall declared its significance in 1862. It was the first ancient reef described in North America, and among the first described in the world. It is located North of W. State St., between N. 66th St. and N. 64th St. extended, in Wauwatosa. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Schoonmaker Reef formed approximately 425 million years ago during the Silurian period. It is largely dolomite, a sedimentary rock of calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2) that is similar to limestone. The reef is stratigraphically consistent with the Racine Dolomite, a formation in Wisconsin and Illinois. The exposed portion of the reef is in the Menomonee River valley in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. It exists as a massive, rock hill that stretches in a 600 ft outcrop. It is exposed on the lower 20 ft of a 60 ft bluff; the upper portion of the bluff is formed by glacial sediments left in the last million years. The reef contains a variety of fossils from Silurian period organisms, including trilobites.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first known human interaction with the reef was in 1838, when Joseph Higgins identified it as a source of lime. Lime burning at the reef may have first occurred five years earlier. Silas Brown constructed lime kilns in the 1840s which remained in use until 1857. Increase A. Lapham first identified the reef as an area of geological interest in 1844.</p><br>
<p>John Schoonmaker and Isaac W. Van Schaick purchased the land in 1857. Schoonmaker operated the quarry until 1909 and is its namesake. In 1862, James Hall identified Schoonmaker Reef as the first ancient reef on mainland North America. Hall was made aware of the reef by Lapham, who sent him fossils that he had collected there. He frequently visited Lapham in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin area in the 1850s to examine Lapham&#39;s fossil collection. Hall made Schonmaker a focus of his studies of ancient reefs and it became the scientific model for reef development in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, the Wisconsin State Geologist, published a study of the reef in 1877 comparing it to modern reefs. He identified Schoonmaker as an important model of reef study because of its abundance of fossils. Amateur geologists like Thomas A. Greene and Fisk Holbrook Day collected fossils from the site. Days collection, which featured samples from about two hundred species, was responsible for approximately 90% of reef species identification. Alexander Emanuel Agassiz purchased most of Days collection (over 4 ST) for the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University in 1881. Day sold over five thousand fossils to Greene for this museum and another 10,000 of his collection were sold to the University of Michigan after his death. William C. Alden photographed the reef in 1899; the picture was widely distributed in geology textbooks. In 1904, Amadeus William Grabau published a paper on the reef in the Geological Society of America Bulletin in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The G. D. Francey Coal, Stone & Supply Company bought the land from Schoonmaker in 1909 to produce aggregate. Robert Rakes Shrock published a paper on Wisconsin reefs, featuring the Schoonmaker Reef, in the Geological Society of America Bulletin in 1939. He was the first to completely diagram a cross-section of the reef. In 1948, the Bliffert Concrete Company bought the quarry and concrete plant and leased it to the Fuller Company. It was abandoned two years later.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, an apartment complex named The Reef was constructed in front of the reef site.</p><br>
<p>Foothills Baptist Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic church located at 2172 New York Route 22 in the Boquet section of Essex, New York, in the United States. Built in 1855 as St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church, it became the Union Church at Boquet Chapel in 1880, the Church of the Nazarene in 1949 and Foothills Baptist Church in 2005. It has also been known as Boquet Chapel.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Church of the Nazarene in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Boquet Chapel was built in 1855 for St. Johns Episcopal Church, three years after the publication of Upjohns Rural Architecture in which the design appears. In 1880 St. John&#39;s built a new church in Essex and sold the chapel to the Union Church at Boquet Chapel composed of Presbyterians and Baptists, which used it until 1922 when it was closed. It was reopened in 1949 as the Church of the Nazarene. In 2005 it was dedicated as the Foothills Baptist Church.http://www.pressrepublican.com/0804_faith_and_spirituality/</p><br>
<p>local_story_193231518.html?start:int=15</p><br>
<p>It is located W of Essex on NY 22, Essex.</p><br>
<p>The Grice–Fearing House is the oldest house  in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, located at 200 South Road Street. It is a contributing property in the Shepard Street–South Road Street Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally built for Francis Grice. After his death, his widow Mary married Isaiah Fearing, thus providing the house with its name.</p><br>
<p>The house is now operated as a two-suite bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The Kake Cannery is a historic fish processing facility near Kake, Alaska. Operated by a variety of companies between 1912 and 1977, the cannery was one of many which operated in Southeast Alaska, an area historically rich in salmon. The cannery&#39;s surviving buildings are among the best-preserved of the period, and provide a window into the labor practices of the cannery operators, which emphasized production over working conditions, and made significant use of immigrant contract workers. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Kake Cannery is located about 1 mi southeast of the small community of Kake, Alaska, located on the northeastern coast of Kupreanof Island. It is about 90 mi south of Juneau. The complex includes 18 buildings, out of an estimated 21 that were built by the cannery&#39;s owners and operators during its period of use. All of these buildings are mounted on wooden pilings, and are connected by boardwalks. Its main structures included four large buildings: the main cannery and three warehouses. Warehouse No. 1 housed the company offices and storage facilities, and housed a retail operation. Warehouse No. 2 housed facilities for storing and repairing nets, as well as storing canned fish. The cannery and these two warehouses were built around 1912. Warehouse No. 4 (there is no documented Warehouse No. 3) was built in the 1930s, and housed a mechanized can-forming operation.</p><br>
<p>The complex includes a variety of living quarters. There are two bunkhouses, one which was specifically designated for Japanese and Filipino workers, and another for whites. A third bunkhouse, for Chinese workers, has not survived. Six single-family dwellings also survive, one set aside for the supervisor, and another for the cook.</p><br>
<p>The cannery was built in 1912 by the Sanborn Cutting Company. It was operated over the next several decades by Sunny Point Packing and the Alaska Pacific Salmon Packing Corporation, growing under the latter in the 1930s to become one of the largest fish packers in the region. During this time, the operators used generally race-based division of labor, assigning positions of responsibility to white men, and various lower-level menial tasks to immigrants from China, Japan, and elsewhere. Native Tlingit were employed to catch fish. Most of this labor was hired through contractor middlemen, who were responsible for housing and feeding the workers.</p><br>
<p>In 1940 the cannery was purchased by P. E. Harris & Company. The salmon fishery, however, was in decline, and the cannery was closed in 1946. It was sold in 1949 to a Native corporation, and operated as the Keku Cannery, but its packing operation was limited by the reduced fishery, and the eventual banning of the use of traps by the state Alaska after statehood. It was permanently closed in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Edward H. White II Museum of Aerospace Medicine was a museum of the United States Air Force and was located in Hangar 9 at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. Brooks Air Force Base closed in 2011 under Base Realignment and Closure Commission  procedures, and the museum closed at the same time.</p><br>
<p>Brooks Field Hangar 9 is located in the Brooks City-Base mixed-use community being developed on the site of the former air base. The development authority has proposed to preserve the historic area around the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bexar County Historical Survey Committee assumed sponsorship of the restoration of Brooks Field Hangar 9 of the old Army Air Corps Brooks Field. The restoration of the Hangar would be used to house an aviation museum. This museum was intended to display the early history of Brooks Field and to preserve and display an extensive collection of photographs and equipment related to aviation and aerospace medicine. It became the Edward H. White II Museum of Aerospace Medicine.</p><br>
<p>The museum was named after San Antonio native Ed White, an astronaut and the first American to "walk" in space.</p><br>
<h2>Historic registration</h2><br>
<p>The Brooks Field Hangar 9 was accepted and listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and became a National Historic Landmark in 1976. The State of Texas has designated this old Hangar 9 as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, and a City of San Antonio Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Irish Hills Towers are two wooden observation towers located at 8433 West USA Highway 12 in Cambridge Township, Lenawee County, Michigan, in the Irish Hills region. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1920s, the Michigan Observation Company sought places of high elevation to erect 50 ft enclosed platforms to boost tourism. In southern Michigan, a tower was placed atop Bundy Hill in Hillsdale County and officials sought a knoll in the heart of the Irish Hills in Lenawee County. A farmer who owned half of the knoll, Edward Kelly, turned down the company&#39;s offer to purchase his portion of the land. The adjoining land owner, Thomas Brighton, consented to the sale of his plat, and construction of the Irish Hills Observatory commenced.</p><br>
<p>The opening of the Irish Hills Observatory was announced by The Brooklyn Exponent in September 1924. In a gala celebration on October 4 and October 5, hundreds of people ascended the hill and tower to gaze upon the rolling landscape and crystal blue lakes in all directions. Kelly seemed angered by the exploitation of the MOCs venture, and protested by erecting his own tower. By the end of November, 1924, his own observation platform was in place, just feet away from the MOCs structure and several feet higher.</p><br>
<p>The Michigan Observation Company responded by adding a second observation enclosure to the top of its own facilities, now designated as the Original Irish Hills Tower. Kelly proceeded to add a raised platform to his "Gray" tower (named as such because of its gray-painted exterior), an act which brought the two edifices to an even height. The MOC informed Kelly that if he attempted to compete with more height given to his tower, they would tear down their own and construct a metal observatory so large that Kelly&#39;s efforts would be nullified. He conceded, and turned his efforts instead to drawing more revenue to his creation.</p><br>
<p>The Irish Hills Towers operated as separate and competitive entities through the 1950s, when Frank Lamping acquired both and connected them with a gift shop at the ground floor. They briefly closed in the late 1960s, and were refurbished in 1972, by Allen Good. They were given new observation platforms, and, as a result, attained a near-identical look.</p><br>
<p>The Irish Hills Towers closed to the public at the end of the summer of 2000. The township deemed the towers unsafe in April 2013. The Irish Hills Historical Society began demolition of the tops of the towers on July 1, 2013 to begin the process of bringing them up to code. As of their September 2014 meeting, the township board had once again agreed to hold off demolition while the historical society continued fundraising to save the landmarks. A news report in January 2024 stated that the towers "remained shuttered" due to a lack of funding. Only a basic preservation had been completed: "without cash flow, the vision to restore the towers and reopen them as a museum attraction goes unrealized".</p><br>
<p>Kalepolepo Fishpond, known by its older name Koiei.e. Loko Ia, is an ancient Hawaiian fishpond estimated to have been built between 1400 and 1500 AD.</p><br>
<p>The fishpond is located in Kalepolepo Park in Kihei, Maui. In 1996, the Aoao O Na Loka Ia O Maui (Association of the Fishponds of Maui) began renovating Koiei.e., working closely with the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Koieie ("rapid current") is classified as a loko kuapa (walled pond), a type of fishpond that uses lava rock and coral walls (kuapa) to keep water circulating while a wooden sluice gate (makaha) allows small fish to enter the pond to feed, but prevents them from leaving after they grow too large to slip between the gate&#39;s gaps. Species of fish once farmed by ancient Hawaiians include the awa (milkfish, Chanos chanos), amaama (flathead mullet, Mugil cephalus), and the aholehole (Hawaiian Flagtail, Kuhlia xenura).</p><br>
<p>The fishpond was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996, as Kalepolepo Fishpond with alternate names Koiei.e. Fishpond and Kaonoulu Kai Fishpond.</p><br>
<p>The former Union Church is a historic building on Main Street in Columbia Falls, Maine. Built in 1849, it is an important local example of Greek Revival architecture. It served as a church until 1902, and as town hall until 1987. In the 1940s its interior was also adapted for use as a gymnasium. The building now houses the town library and archives. On July 5, 2000, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Union Church stands in the village center of Columbia Falls, on the north side of Main Street, between Addison Street and the Pleasant River. It is a tall single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and a granite foundation. Its front facade is finished in matchboard, while the other sides are clapboarded. The building corners are pilastered, with an entablature extending across the top of the front and sides. The front has a centered entrance set in a three-bay recess with two tall Doric columns in front, and tall sash windows in the flanking bays, with pilasters at the corners of the recess. The gable above is fully pedimented, with a small arched louver at the center. A tower rises above, with a combination belfry and clock stage topped by a low crown and weathervane. The interior is largely the product of the buildings 1949-50 conversion into gymnasium, although some original Greek Revival window framing remains.</p><br>
<p>The early history of the church is shrouded in mystery; it was dedicated in January 1841, and its designer and builder are not known. The bell in the tower is original, and the clock was added in 1889. Use of the building for religious purposes had declined by the early 20th century to the point that it was deeded to the town, apparently with the stipulation that its exterior remain unaltered. It served as the community&#39;s town hall until 1987, and was further adapted for use as a gymnasium by the local schools in 1949-50. These functions were moved to a modern facility in 1987. The building has since housed the town library and archives.</p><br>
<p>The East End Historic District in Newburgh, New York, United States is the lower portion of what state and city officials recognize as a single historic district along with the Montgomery-Grand-Liberty Streets Historic District. Its 445 acres  contain 2,217 buildings, including Washington&#39;s Headquarters State Historic Site, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>This area includes much of the southeastern quarter of the city. Most of the buildings were constructed during the citys height of industrial development in the later 19th century, as opposed to the villas and mansions in the Montgomery-Grand-Liberty district. They housed many of the citys working-class population at the time, and the small businesses that served them. First recognized by the city in 1973, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Today, it is a mix of extremes. Some of its neighborhoods are among the citys most desirable, offering panoramic views of the Hudson Rivers Newburgh Bay and the Hudson Highlands to the south. It is also home to some of the city&#39;s poorest neighborhoods, and historic preservation groups have expressed concern about many important properties being lost to urban blight and neglect.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is roughly bounded by Robinson Avenue (US 9W) to the west, Water Street and Bay View Terrace on the east, Monument and Renwick streets to the south and LeRoy Place and Broadway to the north. This area of Newburgh, combined with the other district, represents the core of the settled city by the end of the 19th century. It rises up gently from the riverside area to mildly rolling higher ground.</p><br>
<p>Industrial properties, both vacant and in use, are concentrated closer to the river, while the higher neighborhoods are mostly residential, with some institutional buildings such as schools and churches scattered throughout. There are a few commercial areas, most notably along Liberty Street opposite Washington&#39;s Headquarters, taking advantage of tourist business at the historic site during the summer months; along Broadway near City Hall and also along a short block of William Street further south.</p><br>
<p>Combined and treated as one district, the 4,000 contributing properties are the most of any historic district in New York. The 2,239 resources in the East End alone are the most of any federally recognized district in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Much of the district is characterized by two- or three-story brick townhouses in the Italianate style popular in the late 19th century for urban buildings. In Washington Heights, the blocks near the southeastern corner of the district, where views of the river open up, there are houses in many Victorian styles reflecting the rapid subdivision and development of that area between 1886 and 1900.</p><br>
<p>The houses on and near Parmenter Street, one block west of Washington&#39;s Headquarters, are the only part of Newburgh that still reflects the village character of the settlement from the turn of the 19th century. Houses here are gabled two-story structures in the Federal style, not found much elsewhere in the city.</p><br>
<h3>Significant contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>The oldest property in the district and the city, Jonathan Hasbroucks 1750 stone house, is today the center of Washingtons Headquarters State Historic Site, recognizing the generals residence here during the years between British surrender at Yorktown and final withdrawal from the American colonies in 1783. In the 1850s, it acquired additional historical significance when it became the first state-recognized historic site in the country. Today it is one of Newburghs two National Historic Landmarks, under the management of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission. Another contributing property within the district has been separately listed in the National Register. The New York State Armory on Broadway had been vacant for decades after the New York National Guard unit stationed there moved to a newer building several blocks away in the 1930s. A fire in the 1970s had left it a blackened shell. It seemed likely to be torn down until it was sold to Orange County, which brought in a private developer to rebuild it with help from the states Office of Historic Preservation. It now houses the countys Social Services operations in the city.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation issues</h2><br>
<p>The city has recognized the historic district in its zoning, required architectural review of any significant construction within it, and initiated and encouraged many efforts to redevelop portions of it. Many properties remain abandoned and neglected, and in 1996 the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the district as one of Americas Most Endangered Places. As of 2007 it saw the districts outlook as favorable after the River City Development Corporation, a Community Development Corporation, obtained federal grants to rehabilitate some of the old row houses into affordable housing. In 1999 the Preservation League of New York State added a portion of the district to its "Seven to Save" list, since freed slaves congregated and lived around a nearby African Methodist Episcopal Zion church and the neighborhood in question, along Parmenter Street in the "village" portion of Newburgh, is one of the oldest African-American neighborhoods in the state.</p><br>
<p>In April 2017 a $15 million "scattered site" development project using a combination of state/federal Low Income Housing and Historic Tax Credits was underway. "" by Kingston-based not for profit in cooperation with The will restore 15 buildings and transform the properties into 45 affordable rental apartments to assist middle income families, artists, veterans and the homeless. The revitalization project is expected to be completed by Sept. 2018, with first tenants arriving in late 2017. http://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/hudson-valley/news/2017/04/7/rupco-begins--15-million-core-revitalization-project-in-the-city-of-newburgh</p><br>
<p>Salona, in McLean, Virginia, is a former plantation house on the National Register of Historic Places surrounded by land protected by two conservation easements. The Salona homestead and grounds comprise 7.8 acre within the 52.4 acre site, and are protected by a 1971 easement held by the Fairfax Board of Supervisors. A much newer conservation easement held by the Northern Virginia Conservation Trust added an additional 41 acre, of which 10 acre will be placed in active recreational use, and the rest used for passive recreation, such as trails.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Salona derives its name from a homestead occupied by 1805. The stately brick manor house, currently undergoing renovation, was constructed between 1790 and 1810. His other brother Charles Lee served as Attorney General of the United States in both the Washington and John Adams administrations (1795-1801).</p><br>
<p>In 1812, Richard Bland Lee donated the property to Reverend William Maffitt, who in 1803 had married the widow Henrietta Lee, and who gave the property its name meaning "just hospitality".</p><br>
<p>President James Madison fled to Salona in August 1814 as the federal government evacuated and British forces burned the new federal city, including the White House. First Lady Dolley Madison fled separately and rejoined her husband at Salona. Route 123 (fronting the property) is also locally called "Dolley Madison Boulevard" because of that event.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the Union Army established Camp Griffin on the site (owned since 1853 by Jacob Smoot and for decades afterward by his heirs) and surrounding properties from October 1861 until March 1862. The mansion house became headquarters for General George B. McClellan and other Union commanders.</p><br>
<p>In modern times, Clive L. DuVal II and his wife purchased it in 1951, and made it their home as well as preserved it and secured its placement on the National Register for Historic Places. DuVal served multiple terms in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly and his descendants retain the approximately 3 acre remaining of the 52.4 acre site.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation efforts</h2><br>
<p>The conservation easement preserves one of the last sizeable open spaces in McLean. Within the new easement, 10 acre will be placed in active recreational use with the remainder used for passive recreation such as trails (providing a critical link to the Pimmit Run Trail system). The easement also allows for preservation and interpretation of natural and cultural resources on the property. It prevents any residential construction on the property in perpetuity, and the Park Authority has the right of first refusal to own the Salona property outright. The cost of the conservation easement ($16.1 million) is less than half of the appraised (highest and best use) value of the property. The assumes easement enforcement duties, and collaborated in the easement acquisition process.</p><br>
<p>Kingscote is a Gothic Revival mansion and house museum at Bowery Street and Bellevue Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island, designed by Richard Upjohn and built in 1839. As one of the first summer "cottages" constructed in Newport, it is now a National Historic Landmark. It was remodeled and extended by George Champlin Mason and later by Stanford White. It was owned by the King family from 1864 until 1972, when it was given to the Preservation Society of Newport County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Noble Jones owned the El Destino and Chemonie cotton plantations in Florida. He constructed this house along a farm path known as Bellevue Avenue. It was designed by Richard Upjohn and is an early example of the Gothic Revival style, with an irregular and busy roofline, with many gables and chimneys, and elaborate Gothic detailing. It is built of wood, although it was originally painted beige with sand mixed into the paint, giving it a textured appearance of sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The Jones family permanently left Newport at the outbreak of the American Civil War, and the house was sold to William Henry King in 1864, an Old China Trade merchant. King&#39;s nephew David leased the house in 1876 and embarked on a series of alterations. He hired Newport architect George Champlin Mason to build a larger dining room and to build a new service wing, and he had the interior redecorated by the New York firm of Leon Marcotte. He also introduced gas lighting to the premises.</p><br>
<p>In December 1880, David King hired Stanford White of McKim, Mead and White to design a new addition to the house, including new master bedrooms, a nursery, and a new dining room with opalescent glass bricks purchased from Louis Comfort Tiffany. These alterations greatly enlarged upon Upjohn&#39;s original design yet retained the fundamental Gothic Revival character of the building.</p><br>
<p>Kingscote is considered the building that started the fashion to build summer "cottages" in Newport. As more and more such dwellings were erected in Newport, they gradually became larger, and while Kingscote was considered the grandest building in Newport when it was built; compared to later ones, it is considered small.</p><br>
<p>The King family owned the house until 1972, when the last descendant bequeathed it to the Preservation Society. The bequest included all of the furnishings as of about 1880. Today, Kingscote is a National Historic Landmark (NHL) and a contributing property to the Bellevue Avenue Historic District, also an NHL.</p><br>
<p>Kingscote was featured in the second season of the HBO television series The Gilded Age to represent the earlier, smaller, era and to provide contrast to what "cottages" had become once the Gilded Age was in full swing: opulent palaces such as the Breakers, Marble House, and Rosecliff. As set designer Bob Shaw said, "Kingscote was once considered the grandest mansion in Newport in the 1850s, but by later standards, it’s actually rather small."</p><br>
<p>The Cascade Locks and Canal was a navigation project on the Columbia River between the USA states of Oregon and Washington, completed in 1896. It allowed the steamboats of the Columbia River to bypass the Cascades Rapids, and thereby opened a passage from the lower parts of the river as far as The Dalles. The locks were submerged and rendered obsolete in 1938, when the Bonneville Dam was constructed, along with a new set of locks, a short way downstream.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>As rail competition grew, and forced steamboats off their old routes, shippers and steamboat lines began agitating Congress to allocate funds for improvements to the river, in the form of canals and locks, that would restore their competitive position relative to the railroads. The two main improvements sought on the Columbia were the Cascade Locks and, about twenty years later, the Celilo Canal and Locks.</p><br>
<p>Studies for a canal at the Cascades had begun in 1875, but interest tapered off when Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company (O.R.& N.) finished the railroad to The Dalles and took its boats off the middle river. Anti-monopoly shippers eventually got Congress to allocate funds in 1893 to begin the canal and locks at the Cascades, which were completed in November 1896. The locks had a lift chamber carved in solid rock 460 ft long, and 90 wide, with 8 ft of draft, deep enough for any vessel then on the river, and large enough to accommodate several at once. The locks could raise a vessel 14 at high water and 24&#39; at low water.</p><br>
<p>The lock gates were 56 ft wide and 90 ft high. The locks were carefully designed to address the great variation in the height of the river, the difference between high and low water being 55 ft. This condition made it necessary to build a series of three sets of gates, increasing in height from the lower entrance to the huge upper guard gate, only two sets being used at one time. When the river was low, the upper guard gates remained open continually and the lower sets were operated. When the water rose enough to drown the lower gates, they were swung open and the lifting work was done by the others. The upper approach was formed by masonry wall extending from the guard gate in a long sweep of 1,200 ft, and the bank behind was armored against floods with riprapped stone.</p><br>
<h2>Effect on river traffic</h2><br>
<p>In an 1897 article written shortly after their completion, Scientific American was optimistic about the future of the locks, saying:</p><br>
<p>As it turns out, completion of the locks and the 3,000 ft canal leading from the east end of the locks, produced some increase in traffic, but not as much increase in riverine traffic as had been hoped. The North Bank railroad was also completed along the Columbia, which took more business away from the boats. As a result, the Regulator Line, which had been running Dalles City, Regulator, and Bailey Gatzert on the lower Columbia, and, through the locks, on the middle Columbia, sold out to James J. Hill, owner of the Great Northern and other railroads. Not long later, in 1912, the Panama Canal Act made it illegal for a railroad to be owned in common with a competing steamboat line, so in 1915, Great Northern sold its boats.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The lower lock and the canal were flooded when the Bonneville Dam was completed in the 1930s. The upper part of the higher lock is still visible and part of Cascade Locks Marine Park in the city of Cascade Locks, Oregon. The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Fort Abercrombie State Historical Park, also known as the Fort Abercrombie State Historic Site, is an Alaska state park on Kodiak Island, Alaska. It includes 182 acre of land at the end of Miller Point, located on the eastern shore of Kodiak Island northeast of the city of Kodiak. The park, established in 1969, is noted for its historical World War II fortifications and its scenery, which includes bluffs overlooking the ocean, spruce forests, and meadows. The site was named in honor of the early Alaska explorer and United States Army officer Lt. Col. William R. Abercrombie. The fortifications, whose surviving elements include gun emplacements, underground magazines, and foundational remnants of buildings, were built in 1941 and abandoned after the war ended, having seen no action.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and was included in the National Historic Landmark designation of the Kodiak Naval Operating Base and Forts Greely and Abercrombie in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Park facilities include a campground (best suited for tent camping as the park&#39;s narrow and winding roads make RV access difficult), a group camping area, a picnic area, and hiking trails.</p><br>
<h2>Kodiak Military History Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Kodiak Military History Museum is a private military museum located in Fort Abercrombie State Historical Park. The museum is located in the restored Ready Ammunition bunker on Miller Point.</p><br>
<p>The Hoornbeek Store Complex is a Registered Historic Place in the hamlet of Napanoch, New York, United States. It consists of several buildings located on a one-acre  parcel on Main Street between Clinton and Church streets. They reflect Napanoch&#39;s transition from its original settlement into the Delaware and Hudson Canal era and the move from Federal style to Greek Revival as the dominant style in American architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>There are three main buildings in the complex, erected over a 30-year period. The oldest is the William Doll House, built around 1810 in the Federal style house by a local physician and his family. It boasts five bays and an unusual eight-panel door. The interior features some of the original fabrics, as well as later renovations, such as the staircase, that reflect Greek Revival fashions. It remains in use today as a private home.</p><br>
<p>In 1833, the Hoornbeek Store was constructed to the south by Richard and George Southwick. They had been buying land in the area to take advantage of business from through traffic on the canal, which had opened five years earlier to carry coal from Northeastern Pennsylvania to Kingston, where it could be loaded on boats traveling down the Hudson River for New York City. Its Greek Revival features include the front porch with five heavy pillars, massive cornice, and tall frieze. Four years after it was opened, it was connected to the Doll House via a small addition when Doll bought out the Southwicks during foreclosure proceedings. Later owners in the 20th century added the second-story porches. Today it is vacant.</p><br>
<p>The last main structure, the Napanoch Female Seminary, was built in 1841 by Gabriel Ludlum, who had leased the store from Doll. It is a simple two-story clapboard frame house, with unusual window locations due to its original use as a girls school, with the schoolmasters quarters on the ground floor and students housed upstairs. At one point, it, too, was connected to the store, probably in 1856 when Ludlum bought out Doll and became the sole owner of the complex. That connection was demolished in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Scattered around the property are several outbuildings. These fulfilled service functions for customers and residents, such as an ice house, stables, wagon, and feed shed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ludlum leased the store and house to John Decker and Eli DuBois, who operated the former as a combination of shops and tavern and the latter as a hotel. In 1864, they bought the property from him, refurbished it, and then sold the house and store to the Hoornbeek family in 1867. It would remain in their hands for over a century, giving it its popular local name.</p><br>
<p>Calvin Hoornbeek operated the complex as a combination of shops and apartments and willed it to his son L.D.B. when he died in 1890. He continued the business, living in the house and running the store, and in 1925 became the first person since Ludlum to own the whole complex when he bought the seminary building, which had passed through several owners since then. He rented it out as a single-family residence and continued to operate the store until his death in 1940. Various sons and daughters continued to live there until the last died in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Waldwic, is a historic Carpenter Gothic plantation house and historic district located on the west side of Alabama Highway 69, south of Gallion, Alabama. Built as the main residence and headquarters of a forced-labor farm worked by enslaved people, Waldwic is included in the Plantation Houses of the Alabama Canebrake and Their Associated Outbuildings Multiple Property Submission. The main house and plantation outbuildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 22, 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house for Robert Gracey started in 1840 as "an unpretentious galleried farmhouse" and was then expanded and renovated in the Gothic Revival style in 1852. The Waldwic property was originally within Marengo County, but this portion of Marengo was added to Hale County upon its creation in 1867. Robert Gracey&#39;s granddaughter, Bertha Gracey Steele, married at Waldwic in 1889 to William Micajah Spencer. He was a lawyer and was elected to the Alabama Senate in 1901. The house is one of only about 20 Gothic Revival residential structures remaining in Alabama. Other historic Gothic Revival residences in the area include Ashe Cottage in Demopolis and Fairhope Plantation in Uniontown.</p><br>
<p>The Leffingwell Camp Site, on Flaxman Island, 58 mi west of Barter Island on the Arctic Coast of Alaska, was used by polar explorer and geologist Ernest de Koven Leffingwell on his pioneering Anglo-American Polar Expedition of 1906–1908, which aimed to explore the Beaufort Sea. The expedition&#39;s ship, the Duchess of Bedford, was allowed to become locked in ice which eventually destroyed it.</p><br>
<p>The camp site was chosen before the ship was locked in ice, and was not merely the nearest landfall. The site was used by Leffingwell over several years, beyond the end of that expedition.</p><br>
<p>Leffingwell created the first accurate map of a section of Alaskan coastline. He was the first to scientifically describe permafrost and to pose theories about permafrost which have largely proven true. He accurately identified the oil potential of the area, including assessing that it was not, in his day, technologically or economically feasible to develop it.</p><br>
<p>Following the destruction of the Duchess of Bedford, Leffingwell "returned to civilization in the fall of 1908, as the guest of Capt. George B. Leavitt." Leffingwell subsequently named Narwhal Island for the name of Capt. Leavitt&#39;s vessel, the steam New Bedford, Massachusetts-based whaler Narwhal, and bestowed the name of the Maine-born Captain, who married an Inuit woman and settled at Barrow, on Leavitt Island off the Alaska North Slope.</p><br>
<p>The historic integrity of the camp was diminished in the 1930s when some structure was removed by a salvager.</p><br>
<p>The camp was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<p>New Russia , Yakutat Colony, and Yakutat Settlement) was a trading-post for furs and a penal colony</p><br>
<p>established by Russians in 1796 in present-day Yakutat Borough, Alaska.</p><br>
<p>It was presumably named after the Joseph Billings ship Slava Rossii, or "Glory of Russia".</p><br>
<p>The post was attacked and destroyed by Tlingit people in 1805 during the of 1802-1805. The 7 buildings inside a stockade, and 5 buildings outside, were burnt in 1805, and the site was never again occupied. The events at New Russia represent a pivotal moment in Russian-Tlingit relations.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The site of New Russia is outside the city of Yakutat on the Phipps Peninsula, a swampy spit of land which forms the southeastern edge of Yakutat Bay. The site is on the south-facing shoreline of the peninsula, wedged between the Pacific Ocean and a group of saltwater lakes called the Ankau Saltchucks. The site is now densely forested, with little visible evidence of human occupation, beyond a single log wall section seen during a state archaeological survey in 1971. The site&#39;s subsurface artifacts include a charcoal layer, clear evidence of significant fire occurring at the site, and it has long been reported locally as a source of other types of artifacts, including cannonballs and iron scraps.</p><br>
<p>New Russia was established in 1796 by the Russian-American Company as one of a series of outposts and settlements that extended as far south as Old Sitka (called Redoubt St. Archangel Michael by the Russians). The Yakutat site was contemplated as a possible site for the capital of Russian America. A settlement group of 192 Russians were finally landed in June 1796; that year they built two large log buildings, a palisade, and a blockhouse.</p><br>
<p>By 1805 the settlement had grown to include seven buildings within the palisade, and five outside, and there was a small shipyard which had built two boats. The settlers continued to be viewed with hostility by the Tlingits, who made occasional attacks on hunting parties. In 1802 the Tlingits launched a major attack on Redoubt St. Archangel Michael, destroying that settlement. Alexander Baranov organized a response to this attack, and used the New Russia site as a launching point for the 1804 operation which resulted in the founding of present-day Sitka. In 1805 the Tlingit attacked the New Russia settlement. It was burned to the ground, and all of its occupants except for a few women and children were slaughtered. The site was never reoccupied.</p><br>
<p>After the attack, the Tlingit successfully prevented the Russians from penetrating into Yakutat Bay, and the area did not receive significant attention. Visiting American traders in the 1870s noted that the site&#39;s cellar holes had trees 2 ft in diameter growing out of them. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Napoleon House , also known as the Mayor Girod House or Nicolas Girod House, is a historic building at 500 Chartres Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Built in 1794 and enlarged in 1814, its name derives from the local legend that it was intended as a residence for Napoleon Bonaparte after his exile. A plan to bring Napoleon to Louisiana was halted by news of his death in 1821.</p><br>
<p>The building was also the home of Nicholas Girod (d. 1840), mayor of New Orleans. One of the city&#39;s finer private residences in the early 19th century, the building housed a local grocery at the start of the 20th century and since 1914 has operated as a restaurant called Napoleon House. The upper floors of the building have been converted to apartments, where some of the original interior decorative elements may still be seen.</p><br>
<p>It was declared to be a National Historic Landmark in 1970, as one of the city&#39;s finest examples of French-influenced architecture. It is a three-story brick stuccoed building, with a dormered hip roof and cupola. Shallow ironwork balconies with austere styling adorn the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Napoleon House restaurant has an old-time New Orleans atmosphere and serves such traditional dishes as red beans and rice, gumbo, and jambalaya; it has been particularly known among locals for its muffaletta sandwiches. The bar is known for serving its "Pimm&#39;s Cup" cocktail. Classical music is played on the sound system.</p><br>
<p>The Pony Express Terminal, also known as the B. F. Hastings Bank Building, is a historic commercial building at 1000 2nd Street in Sacramento, California. Built in 1852, it was the western endpoint of the Pony Express from 1860 to 1861, the period of the service&#39;s operation. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. It now houses a museum dedicated to the history of Wells Fargo, and is part of Old Sacramento State Historic Park, itself a National Historic Landmark District. The B. F. Hastings Bank Building is a California Historical Landmark No. 606.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The B.F. Hastings Bank Building is located in Sacramento&#39;s historic downtown area, at the southwest corner of 2nd and J Streets. It is an architecturally undistinguished two-story brick structure, presenting four bays to J Street and nine to 2nd Street. A single-story canopy extends across the sidewalk in front of both facades, supported by simple square posts. A metal staircase rises in the middle of the 2nd Street facade to an entrance on the second floor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1852. When the Pony Express began service in 1860, this building was selected by its operators as the western terminus of the service, whose eastern end was in St. Joseph, Missouri, more than 1,800 mi away. The building was also the first location of the California Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>The building is now home to one of two museums about the history of Wells Fargo in Sacramento. This location features a re-created 19th-century Wells Fargo Express Company office, artifacts of company history and the California Gold Rush era, and exhibits about the company&#39;s role in California Gold Rush commerce. (The other Wells Fargo History Museum in Sacramento is located in the Wells Fargo Center.)</p><br>
<p>Sitka Spruce Park is a public park in the city of Unalaska, Alaska. The roughly 5 acre park is located on Biorka Drive on Amaknak Island, south of Unalaska Airport. It is one of the few places on the island where there are a significant number of trees. A small part of the park is a National Historic Landmark, as it was the site of the earliest documented afforestation in North America. In 1805, Russian agents planted an unknown number of Sitka spruce trees in the area, of which six were documented to be surviving in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Amaknak Island was naturally treeless, lying well outside the known growing range for trees in either Alaska or Siberia. The forestation attempt was ordered in 1805 by Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, a principal in the Russian-American Company who had secured a monopoly on the fur trade in the area. It was reported ten years later that only a small number of trees were still alive. In 1834 Bishop Ivan Veniaminov reported that there were 24 trees, several of which were more than 7 ft tall. Veniaminov spearheaded a second forestation effort at a second site on Expedition Island, about 1 mi south of the first site.</p><br>
<p>The site was first documented by a professional botanist in 1899 when Bernhard Fernow visited Unalaska Island with the Harriman Alaska Expedition. At that time there were 19 trees, the tallest over 30 ft. The site has since then been the subject of periodic reports. Prior to World War II there ten trees standing, four of which were probably killed as a result of the United States Army&#39;s partial filling in of a nearby pond with gravel.</p><br>
<p>As of 1975, six of the originally planted trees still stood.</p><br>
<p>The George C. Thomas Memorial Library, also known as the North Star Borough Library is a historic former library building at 901 1st Avenue in Fairbanks, Alaska. Built in 1909 with funding from philanthropist George C. Thomas, this log building served Fairbanks as its public library until 1977, when the Noel Wien Public Library was opened. This building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978 as the site of a key conference in 1915 between Alaska Native leaders and federal government representatives, at which the Native leaders pressed a number of issues, including the long-running matter of native land claims, which would not be resolved until the 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Library building is a square log structure with a hip roof that extends over a porch on two sides. The porch is supported by six log columns on each side, and the building&#39;s main entrance is located at the corner under the porch. Construction of the building was funded by George C. Thomas, a Philadelphia philanthropist who was interested in the missionary work of the Episcopal Church, which had been providing limited library services to Fairbanks since 1904. The building was dedicated on August 5, 1909. The building and library collection were sold to the city of Fairbanks for $1 in 1940, on the condition the building always house a library. The Fairbanks North Star Borough took over operation of the library in 1968. Since the library was moved to new quarters in 1977, the building has seen commercial use.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The latter designation was made in recognition of a significant event in the history of Alaska. On July 5 and 6, 1915, a delegation of Alaska Native leaders met with a committee of United States Government officials and representatives of the Alaska Territory to discuss a variety of concerns. Although the issues ranged to matters of employment, education, the major issue was that of native land claims, which were a significant cloud on many land transactions in the territory. The meeting marked the beginning of a lengthy struggle by the natives for recognition which culminated in the passage in 1971 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, landmark legislation granting them sweeping rights and compensation.</p><br>
<p>Crank House, also known as Fair Oaks Ranch, is an 1882 Victorian style residence in Altadena, Los Angeles County, California. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 for its association with the early settlement of Altadena. . The house has notably featured in films such as Hocus Pocus , Matilda , Scream 2  and Catch Me If You Can .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Eliza Griffin Johnston</h3><br>
<p>The Crank House sits on land, the Fair Oaks Ranch, once owned by Eliza Griffin Johnston, the widow of Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston. Following the death of her husband at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, Eliza and her children came to Southern California at the urging of her brother, John S. Griffin. Griffin had large land holdings in the Los Angeles area and was a business partner of Benjamin D. Wilson in Rancho San Pascual. Wilson was a local land speculator, politician, and also the maternal grandfather of General George S. Patton. Griffin sold Eliza Griffin Johnston the property for $1,000.</p><br>
<p>Eliza Griffin Johnston named her ranch "Fair Oaks", after her native city in Virginia and also for the stands of Coast live oaks—Quercus agrifloia in the area. When Eliza&#39;s son, Albert II, was killed in a steamship boiler explosion at Wilmington, California in 1864, she left California and returned to Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The ranch was taken over by Benjamin Eaton, father of Frederick Eaton. Benjamin Eaton subdivided the ranch. The southern portion was bought by the Ellises.</p><br>
<h3>James F. Crank</h3><br>
<p>The northern portion was bought by James F. Crank in 1876. Crank came from New York and was impressed with the land, and soon planted citrus orchards and vineyards. Eliza Johnston&#39;s simple wood-frame house was moved to another location on the property, and still stands at 2072 Oakwood Street, Altadena. Crank built a much larger, more palatial home in 1882. The house is a -story wood-frame Victorian mansion.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, Crank invested in the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad, becoming its president. The rail line ran from Pasadena to downtown Los Angeles. Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad was sold and consolidated on May 20, 1887, into the California Central Railway. In 1889, this was consolidated into Southern California Railway Company. On January 17, 1906, Southern California Railway was sold to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and called the Pasadena Subdivision. Even so, Crank suffered financially, and sold the ranch. It was subdivided in 1910. He donated land for the Raymond Hotel in Pasadena, that had his Pasadena rail station. When Mr. Crank and his family first came to California, they stayed at the Sierra Madre Villa Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Gen. Charles S. Farnsworth County Park, also known as Farnsworth Park, is a Los Angeles County park and National Register of Historic Places district  in Altadena, California.</p><br>
<p>The land was purchased by Los Angeles County in 1921 for use as a nursery. When the County built new nurseries in the 1930s, a movement to turn the land into a county park was spearheaded by General Charles S. Farnsworth and William O. Davies. Farnsworth designed the park and supervised its grading and landscaping. Davies began planning for a community center. Funds for the construction of the community center came from grants from the Public Works Administration. The park was completed in 1934. The park was originally named Altadena Park.</p><br>
<p>The park project included a two-story arts and crafts American craftsman style building that was later christened the William D. Davies Memorial Building. The park was renamed in honor of Farnsworth in 1939.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the Register in 1997 for its significance as a recreation and architecture site.</p><br>
<p>The White Horse Tavern was constructed before 1673 and is believed to be the oldest tavern building in the United States."The Architectural Heritage of Newport, Rhode Island" - Page 433</p><br>
<p>by Antoinette Forrester Downing, Vincent Joseph Scully - 1967 It is located on the corner of Farewell and Marlborough streets in Newport, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>English immigrant Francis Brindley constructed the original building on the site in 1652 on land obtained from his brother-in-law William Coddington. In 1673, he sold the lot to William Mayes, who enlarged the building to become a tavern. It was also used for large meetings, including as a Rhode Island General Assembly meeting place, a courthouse, and a city hall. Mayes obtained a tavern license in 1687, and his son William Mayes Jr. operated it through the early eighteenth century. The operation was named "The White Horse Tavern" in 1730 by owner Jonathan Nichols.</p><br>
<p>Loyalists and British troops were quartered there during the British occupation of Newport in the American Revolution, around the time of the Battle of Rhode Island. Newport&#39;s Van Bueren family donated money to the private Preservation Society of Newport to restore the building in 1952, after years of neglect as a boarding house. After the restoration, it was sold and once again operated as a private tavern and restaurant, and it remains a popular drinking and dining location today.</p><br>
<p>Pacific Electric Railway Company Substation No. 8, also known as the Altadena Substation, is a former traction substation in Altadena, California. It operated under the Pacific Electric Railway and served as the substation for Pasadena area lines.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pacific Electric traction substation was built in 1905. In addition to providing power to the PE lines, it also powered the Mount Lowe Railway. In 1941, when PE sold its Pasadena area lines to Pasadena City Lines, a subsidiary of National City Lines, the substation was included in the sale.</p><br>
<p>The Substation was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 for its significance as a part of the Pacific Electric Railway. By 1999 it was being used as an office building. In 2016, the Pacific Southwest Mennonite Conference opened a thrift store in the building.</p><br>
<h2>Substation</h2><br>
<p>Electric interurban and trolley cars required 600 volts direct current to operate a cars Direct Current (DC) traction motors. The function of a "substation" was to convert very high voltage alternating current (AC) from a power generating plant (often miles away) for an AC to lower voltage DC conversion. The high voltage AC entered the substation, was dropped in level by a transformer, and the resulting lower voltage AC was then fed to a device called a rotary converter for the conversion to 600 volts DC. Substations existed on every trolley and interurban line in the United States and often still do for todays subway and light rail lines, although the very large and cumbersome rotary converter, as much as 8 ft in diameter and rotating, has been replaced by solid state converters.</p><br>
<p>Scripps Hall, also known now as the Pasadena Waldorf School, is a large American Craftsman or Arts and Crafts style house located in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains, in Altadena, California, United States. It was built in 1904 as the central feature of the Scripps Estate, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>Scripps Hall was built by William Armiger Scripps. The house is a three-story Arts and Crafts style residence designed by architect Charles W. Buchanan. Scripps lived in a small bungalow on his property near the intersection of Mariposa Street and Fair Oaks Avenue in 1904 while his three-story mansion was built. He planted citrus and olive groves on his Scripps Estate located in the community then known as North Pasadena.</p><br>
<p>After William died Scripps Hall was subsequently passed to his grandson. The western portion of the property was subdivided. In 1979, with the residence threatened with demolition, the Altadena Heritage Association coordinated the historic homes sale to the Pasadena Waldorf School, one of many Waldorf Schools around the world. Scripps Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 under Criterion A for its representation of local history and development patterns (#99000893). The nomination notes that the property is significant for its "design by a well-known local architect, C. W. Buchanan (only one of two of his major works still standing in Altadena); its high state of integrity; its association with a regionally significant long-term original owner, the Scripps family; and its prominence within the historic context of Altadenas residential growth and development during the first decades of the 20th century. It is the most intact example of the estates that once lined Altadenas Millionaires Row."</p><br>
<h2>William A. Scripps</h2><br>
<p>William Armiger Scripps was the son of James Mogg Scripps. His father was a prominent bookbinder in England and came to America in 1844 with six motherless children. Scripps grew up on a Rushville, Illinois farm, where his father remarried. William moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he and his brother George opened a print shop. His other siblings and half-siblings, such as E. W. Scripps and James E. Scripps, owned and operated major newspapers around the country. After the original print shop was destroyed by fire, William Scripps moved to Southern California, being financially supported by the family newspaper empire, the E. W. Scripps Company. Scripps spent some time with his siblings in La Jolla, California, before moving to Altadena in 1904.</p><br>
<p>William Scripps sister was Ellen Browning Scripps, also involved with the founding of the E. W. Scripps Company, who become a prominent philanthropist in founding: the Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Scripps College, and the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. William also became involved in community philanthropy and founded Scripps Home&#39; in Altadena for the elderly.</p><br>
<p>The Woodbury–Story House is a National Register of Historic Places structure  in Altadena, California. It was placed on the Register in 1993 for its significance as an example of Italianate and Colonial Revival architecture styles and its association with Capt. Frederick Woodbury, one of the founders of Altadena. It is currently used as a filming location.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was built in 1882 for Capt. Frederick Woodbury, and his wife, Martha. The home was the headquarters for a ranch that included a two-story bunkhouse for the ranch hands. Citrus groves and vineyards were planted on the land. Woodbury planted the deodar cedars that line the contemporary Santa Rosa Ave., also known as Christmas Tree Lane, another National Register site. In 1892, Woodbury sold the home to a man named Walker, who in turn sold it to Hampton L. Story in 1894. During the decades following Storys death, the home became a coffee shop, sheriffs station, a fire engine house, office building and a tea house. It is currently used as a filming location.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>This property has been used as the filming location for various movies, which include Amityville Horror: The Evil Escapes (1989), Attack of the Killer Doughnuts (2010), V/H/S (Or more specifically the segment by Radio Silence, 10/31/98) (2012) Unconscious (2014) and Keep Watching (2017). It was also used in the (2011) music video, Sail by AWOLNATION.</p><br>
<p>The home was first reported as a Haunted House in the book "Haunted Houses of Pasadena" by Michael J. Kouri, which covers Altadena, Pasadena and other parts of the original Spanish land grant known as Rancho el Rincon de San Pasqual. The author personally investigated the Woodbury/Story house over twenty-five years ago. Photos of the ghosts who haunt the mansion were shown in his book and will appear in the book "Historical Hauntings in Altadena, California" when it is released in October 2020.</p><br>
<h3>Television</h3><br>
<p>The Woodbury–Story House was used as a filming location in the season 7 episode of American Horror Story entitled "Winter of Discontent". It aired on October 24, 2017, on the cable network FX.</p><br>
<p>The paranormal reality television series Ghost Adventures covered the story of the Woodbury–Story House, in the episode "The Woodbury: Home of American Horror Story" on the Travel Channel in 2019.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Visitation, in Westphalia, Texas, was once the largest wooden structure west of the Mississippi River. This Catholic church in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Austin, completed in 1895, has twin towers which can be seen for miles. A school was constructed in 1896 and operated as a parochial school until 1935.</p><br>
<p>The church received official recognition with the erection of an official Texas Historical Marker on December 31, 1978. On May 15, 1996, the community was recognized as the Westphalia Rural Historic District. The district is now listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>On July 29, 2019, the building caught fire and burned to the ground.</p><br>
<p>The Zane Grey Estate is a historic house in Altadena, California. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The main house was built by Chicago business machine manufacturer Arthur Herbert Woodward. Designed by architects Myron Hunt and Elmer Grey, the 1907 Mediterranean Revival style house is acclaimed as the first fireproof home in Altadena, built entirely of reinforced concrete as prescribed by Woodward&#39;s wife, Edith Norton Woodward. Edith Woodward was a survivor of the Iroquois Theater Fire of 1903.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, spurred by the memory of a visit to Altadena during their honeymoon, Zane Grey and his wife bought the home. After the Greys bought it they built an addition on the roof for a studio and library. After the Greys&#39; death, their sons owned the property. The actual grounds were divided up and neighboring house were built on them. The house was sold by their son, Romer, in 1970. The house went up for sale again in 2020.</p><br>
<p>The Old Poughkeepsie YMCA is on the west side of Market Street near the corner of Church Street  in Poughkeepsie in New York, United States, across from the former New York State Armory. One of many historic early 20th-century institutional buildings on Market Street, the city&#39;s main downtown thoroughfare, it has a glazed terra-cotta front facade, the only building in Poughkeepsie using that material.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The organization, founded before the YMCA as the Young Mens Christian Union, had previously met at an office on Union Street, next to the citys former post office. It was built in 1908 in the Renaissance Revival style, one of the few in the city, with part of a $265,000 gift from William Wallace Smith, one of Smith Brothers cough drop makers and a YMCA member and benefactor. His gift also included a neighboring office building, since demolished. The New York City firm of Jackson & Rosencrans were the architects.</p><br>
<p>In keeping with the style and era, the building features many ornamental touches, such as a molded cornice, quoins, denticulated frieze second-story balcony and domed first-floor windows. The center of the top balustrade has an elaborate cartouche.</p><br>
<p>The interior likewise boasts sliding double doors, dark-stained woodwork and brick fireplaces It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The YMCA has since moved to different quarters a few blocks away and become the Dutchess County YMCA. The building, now attached to newer structures on either side, houses some county government offices and a few private businesses.</p><br>
<p>The Kodiak History Museum, until 2019 known as the Baranov Museum, is a history museum at 101 East Marine Way in Kodiak, Alaska. It is located in a National Historic Landmark building known as the Russian-American Magazin and the Erskine House, which also houses the office of the Kodiak Historical Society. Built c. 1810, the building is the oldest of four surviving building constructed by the Russians when Alaska was a Russian territory. The museums collections and exhibits are focused on the history of the Kodiak Archipelago and the Aleutian Islands, with particular focus on the Russian and early American periods. The museums current director is Sarah Harrington.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and building history</h2><br>
<p>The community now known as Kodiak was established in 1793 as Pavlovsk; it was the first permanent Russian settlement in North America, and served as its territorial capital until 1808. This building was built in the first decade of the 19th century as a storage facility (or "magazin") by the Russian American Company. When Alaska came under American control, the building was purchased by the Alaska Commercial Company, which continued the business operations previously engaged in by the Russians. In 1911 the building was sold to W. J. Erskine, who used the building as a private residence, constructing a new stone foundation for the building and enclosing its porch. He sold it in 1948 to a company which rented it out. After the 1964 Alaska earthquake and tsunami damaged the city, the building was acquired by a government redevelopment authority. Ownership was eventually transferred to the city, which leased it in 1967 to the Kodiak Historical Society. The society has since maintained the property, using it for office space and as a museum. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The building is a large rectangular log structure, now resting on a concrete foundation (replacing Erskines stone foundation). It is 2-1/2 stories in height, 36 feet deep and 72 ft wide, with a projecting front porch that is partially glassed in. It is finished in horizontal redwood siding, which covers older siding which may be Russian in origin. It has a steeply-pitched gable roof, which is pierced on its main (southern) elevation by a single gabled dormer. The buildings interior has been extensively altered to accommodate the historical society&#39;s uses, but much of its older fabric is still evident. The interior was originally divided into two large chambers separated by a log dividing wall that is still extant (with doorways cut through it at a later date), and the material that makes up the stairwell to the second floor also appear to be original. The upstairs has flooring that appears to be typical Russian manufacture.</p><br>
<p>The Russian-American Building No. 29 , also known as Tilson Building or Building No. 29, Sitka, is a historic commercial building at 202-206 Lincoln Street in Sitka, Alaska. A National Historic Landmark, it is the only Russian colonial commercial structure standing in Sitka, and one of only two Russian colonial buildings in the city </p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original portion of the building is a square log structure, 2-1/2 stories tall, measuring about 28 ft (four sazhen) square, and resting on a raised stone foundation. A two-story gallery, sheltered by a shed roof, extended to the east. The outside logs from which it is built were squared off to 18 in. The interior walls are built from dimensionally smaller logs, and the floors were made of half-logs secured into joists and sills by tenons. The structure is estimated to have been built in the 1840s, at a time when many buildings were built by Finnish laborers brought in by Russian administrators, and was first used as for residential purposes.</p><br>
<p>The building has undergone a number of alterations in the intervening time, but these have managed to preserve much of its historic fabric. It is unknown if it was sided at the time of its construction, but early images depict it with the same type of shiplap siding it has today. Early images also show a two-story ell to its rear. The building was originally built with its back directly on the waterfront; infill has created new land in this area.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s the building underwent significant alterations. An addition extended the gallery area further to the east, and a new roof fully incorporated this space into the structure. Window spacing on this addition was made to match that of the main block, and the new roof was augmented by four equally-spaced gable-roof dormers. The building underwent further modernizing work in the 1960s, some of which was in response to deterioration of the log structure. It was the subject of a major rehabilitative effort in the mid-1980s.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Sitka Naval Operating Base and USA Army Coastal Defenses are the surviving elements of the World War II-era defenses and defense establishments in and around Sitka, Alaska. These facilities, in particular the airfields and naval bases, played a key role in the defense of Alaska, and in military operations against Japanese forces which occupied Attu and Kiska, two remote islands in the Aleutian chain. The Sitka facilities were designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>In consideration of the possibility of war in the Pacific Ocean, the United States War Department in 1937 established a small naval station near Sitka, Alaska as a base for a small fleet of PBY Catalina seaplanes. In 1939 Congress appropriate funds for the construction of naval air stations at Sitka and other sites in coastal Alaska. The Sitka station was built on Japonski Island, just west of Sitka Harbor, on land that had been under United States Navy jurisdiction since the Alaska Purchase in 1867. The Sitka Naval Air Station was formally commissioned on October 1, 1939. What was then not much more than a coal resupply station rapidly grew, with a radio station, barracks, and other facilities constructed, mainly on the north side of the island. In March 1941 United States Army forces arrived in Sitka, and began construction of a coastal defense battery on Makhnati Island, an islet at the western end of a chain of islets extending westward from Japonski Island. To facilitate this work, a causeway 8,100 ft in length was constructed connecting Japonski to Mahknati via this island chain. These facilities were the only significant American military facilities in the North Pacific when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941, even though they were still a work in progress.</p><br>
<p>The naval facilities on Japonski Island eventually grew to include several hangars, ramps into the water to facilitate the movement of seaplanes onto land, a large concrete parking area, a control tower, two piers, and a number of ancillary support buildings. On the island the Navy also had a system for landing and launching aircraft similar to that used on aircraft carriers, but none of these facilities have survived.</p><br>
<p>Along the causeway to Makhnati Island, a number of facilities were built for the Army coastal defense units. The major facility, Fort Rousseau, was on Makhnati, and housed two six-inch guns, two 155mm guns, magazines, and the army command post. A secondary battery was placed on Sasedni Island, where there were also barracks and a mess hall, and Virublennoi Island housed three ammunition bunkers. The batteries were not completed until after the Japanese had been driven from Attu and Kiska, and saw no action. The army closed its base at Sitka in spring 1944, and are now little more than foundations and concrete structures.</p><br>
<p>The surviving elements of the Sitka Naval Operating Base, the causeway to Makhnati Island, and the coastal defense station were designated a National Historic Landmark on August 11, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Queen Anne Cottage and Coach Barn is a Victorian style pair of buildings at Baldwin Lake, on the grounds of the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, located in Arcadia and the San Gabriel Valley of southern California.</p><br>
<p>Elias Jackson "Lucky" Baldwin built the elaborate Coach Barn near the pond in 1879, and Baldwins Belvedere&#39; or the Santa Anita Ranch Guest Cottage on a peninsula in the pond in 1885−1886. They are a California Historical Landmark, and were placed on the National Register of Historic Places for their significance as examples of Queen Anne Style architecture and for the associated, largely intact Victorian landscape design gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Cottage</h2><br>
<p>The cottage was constructed in 1885-1886 for Baldwin and his third wife, Lillie Bennett, the daughter of the cottages architect Albert A. Bennett. Upon E.J.s death in 1909, his daughter Anita closed the cottage and disposed of all furnishings. Some of the architectural elements of the cottage, such as the stained glass windows, black walnut doors, and marble fireplace mantels were stored in the coach barn. The stored items were reinstalled in the cottage during the 1951-1953 restoration.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 the "X"-pattern fencing around the Queen Anne Cottage was refurbished and repaired as part of an Eagle Scout project by Erik Wanson, a member of Boy Scout Troop 351 in San Marino, California.</p><br>
<h2>Appearances in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The cottage has been used for numerous films and television shows, most famously for the opening of Fantasy Island where the character of Tattoo can be seen ringing the bell in the cottage&#39;s tower and Mr. Roarke is seen exiting from it.</p><br>
<p>The cottage was featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser Episode 1018.</p><br>
<h2>Historic house museums</h2><br>
<p>Public tours of the Cottage are available only one or two days each year.</p><br>
<p>The 1840 Hugo Reid Adobe of Mexican era Rancho Santa Anita, later Baldwin&#39;s main ranch house, is also on Baldwin Lake within the Arboretum.</p><br>
<h2>California Historical Landmark Marker</h2><br>
<p>California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 367 at the site reads:</p><br>
<p>NO. 367 E. J. BALDWINS QUEEN ANNE COTTAGE - Designed by A. A. Bennett for entertaining, the cottage was constructed by Elias Jackson (Lucky&#39;) Baldwin in 1881. Since there was no kitchen, meals were served from the nearby adobe (built by Hugo Reid in 1839) where Baldwin actually lived. The building was restored and dedicated May 18, 1954 as part of Los Angeles State and County Arboretum.</p><br>
<p>Harmony Hall, located in Fort Washington, Maryland, is managed by the United States National Park Service as part of the National Capital Parks-East system. It has been a National Park Service site since 1966. Harmony Hall is a -story Georgian country house built of red brick during the eighteenth century. It is surrounded by 65 acre of land on Broad Creek, a Potomac River tributary.</p><br>
<p>The house was built circa 1769 by Enoch Magruder. After his death, the estate was given to his daughter, Sarah and her husband, Col. William Lyles. The estate was originally called Battersea, but came to be called Harmony Hall some time after 1792, when it was rented to brothers John and Walter Dulaney Addison and their wives. The name "Harmony Hall" commemorates the two couples&#39; harmonious coexistence. Harmony Hall was sold by the Lyles family in 1850. After passing through other owners, the manor was purchased in about 1892 by Robert Stein, his brother Richard, and brother-in-law Joseph Adler. The three had immigrated from Silesia, and engaged in truck farming nearby. They lost control of the manor house in 1929, selling it to Charles Collins, but continued to farm and operate a general store in the area.</p><br>
<p>The home was extensively restored beginning in 1927 by Charles Wallace Collins (1879–1964), a lawyer, writer, and librarian who made his home in Harmony Hall and devoted himself to its restoration after he retired. Collins bequeathed the house to the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1985, Frank Calhoun leased the mansion and lived there, investing more than $1 million into the house and its upkeep. After he fell behind on renovations in his early 60s, the Park Service asked Calhoun to leave in 1999. The property has been empty and in accelerating decline since then. Though the Park Service periodically sends in staff and enlists students to clean up the grounds, Harmony Hall competes with many other historic properties for attention and funding.</p><br>
<p>The home has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980, Harmony Hall is closed to the public.</p><br>
<p>Harmony Hall is also the name given to a community center building, on adjacent property, owned by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission and used as their southern area headquarters office. The center includes a fitness center and hosts concerts, stage plays, art exhibits, arts classes, scout meetings, and other cultural programs. The building was originally an elementary school.</p><br>
